diff --git a/CHANGELOG.md b/CHANGELOG.md
index 57338df..646afbd 100644
--- a/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -5,6 +5,26 @@ All notable changes to wuttaweb will be documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](http://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/)
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
+## v0.19.1 (2025-01-06)
+
+### Fix
+
+- improve built-in grid renderer logic
+- allow session injection for ObjectRef constructor
+- improve rendering for batch row status
+- add basic support for row grid "view" action links
+- add "xref buttons" tool panel for master view
+- add WuttaQuantity schema type, widget
+- remove `session` param from some form schema, widget classes
+- add grid renderers for bool, currency, quantity
+- use proper bulma styles for markdown content
+- use span element for readonly money field widget render
+- include grid filters for all column properties of model class
+- use app handler to render error string, when progress fails
+- add schema node type, widget for "money" (currency) fields
+- exclude FK fields by default, for model forms
+- fix style for header title text
+
 ## v0.19.0 (2024-12-23)
 
 ### Feat
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 073ed88..f1bb921 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 
 [project]
 name = "WuttaWeb"
-version = "0.19.0"
+version = "0.19.1"
 description = "Web App for Wutta Framework"
 readme = "README.md"
 authors = [{name = "Lance Edgar", email = "lance@wuttaproject.org"}]
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ dependencies = [
         "SQLAlchemy-Utils",
         "waitress",
         "WebHelpers2",
-        "WuttJamaican[db]>=0.19.1",
+        "WuttJamaican[db]>=0.19.2",
         "zope.sqlalchemy>=1.5",
 ]
 
diff --git a/src/wuttaweb/forms/schema.py b/src/wuttaweb/forms/schema.py
index 7591a7a..3d0e08b 100644
--- a/src/wuttaweb/forms/schema.py
+++ b/src/wuttaweb/forms/schema.py
@@ -177,25 +177,41 @@ class WuttaMoney(colander.Money):
         return widgets.WuttaMoneyInputWidget(self.request, **kwargs)
 
 
+class WuttaQuantity(colander.Decimal):
+    """
+    Custom schema type for "quantity" fields.
+
+    This is a subclass of :class:`colander:colander.Decimal` but uses
+    :class:`~wuttaweb.forms.widgets.WuttaQuantityWidget` by default.
+
+    :param request: Current :term:`request` object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.request = request
+        self.config = self.request.wutta_config
+        self.app = self.config.get_app()
+
+    def widget_maker(self, **kwargs):
+        """ """
+        return widgets.WuttaQuantityWidget(self.request, **kwargs)
+
+
 class WuttaSet(colander.Set):
     """
     Custom schema type for :class:`python:set` fields.
 
-    This is a subclass of :class:`colander.Set`, but adds
-    Wutta-related params to the constructor.
+    This is a subclass of :class:`colander.Set`.
 
     :param request: Current :term:`request` object.
-
-    :param session: Optional :term:`db session` to use instead of
-       :class:`wuttaweb.db.sess.Session`.
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, request, session=None):
+    def __init__(self, request):
         super().__init__()
         self.request = request
         self.config = self.request.wutta_config
         self.app = self.config.get_app()
-        self.session = session or Session()
 
 
 class ObjectRef(colander.SchemaType):
@@ -231,16 +247,16 @@ class ObjectRef(colander.SchemaType):
             self,
             request,
             empty_option=None,
-            session=None,
             *args,
             **kwargs,
     ):
+        # nb. allow session injection for tests
+        self.session = kwargs.pop('session', Session())
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.request = request
         self.config = self.request.wutta_config
         self.app = self.config.get_app()
         self.model_instance = None
-        self.session = session or Session()
 
         if empty_option:
             if empty_option is True:
@@ -472,7 +488,7 @@ class RoleRefs(WuttaSet):
         :returns: Instance of
            :class:`~wuttaweb.forms.widgets.RoleRefsWidget`.
         """
-        kwargs.setdefault('session', self.session)
+        session = kwargs.setdefault('session', Session())
 
         if 'values' not in kwargs:
             model = self.app.model
@@ -480,20 +496,20 @@ class RoleRefs(WuttaSet):
 
             # avoid built-ins which cannot be assigned to users
             avoid = {
-                auth.get_role_authenticated(self.session),
-                auth.get_role_anonymous(self.session),
+                auth.get_role_authenticated(session),
+                auth.get_role_anonymous(session),
             }
             avoid = set([role.uuid for role in avoid])
 
             # also avoid admin unless current user is root
             if not self.request.is_root:
-                avoid.add(auth.get_role_administrator(self.session).uuid)
+                avoid.add(auth.get_role_administrator(session).uuid)
 
             # everything else can be (un)assigned for users
-            roles = self.session.query(model.Role)\
-                                .filter(~model.Role.uuid.in_(avoid))\
-                                .order_by(model.Role.name)\
-                                .all()
+            roles = session.query(model.Role)\
+                           .filter(~model.Role.uuid.in_(avoid))\
+                           .order_by(model.Role.name)\
+                           .all()
             values = [(role.uuid.hex, role.name) for role in roles]
             kwargs['values'] = values
 
@@ -518,7 +534,7 @@ class UserRefs(WuttaSet):
         :returns: Instance of
            :class:`~wuttaweb.forms.widgets.UserRefsWidget`.
         """
-        kwargs.setdefault('session', self.session)
+        kwargs.setdefault('session', Session())
         return widgets.UserRefsWidget(self.request, **kwargs)
 
 
@@ -548,7 +564,7 @@ class Permissions(WuttaSet):
         :returns: Instance of
            :class:`~wuttaweb.forms.widgets.PermissionsWidget`.
         """
-        kwargs.setdefault('session', self.session)
+        kwargs.setdefault('session', Session())
         kwargs.setdefault('permissions', self.permissions)
 
         if 'values' not in kwargs:
diff --git a/src/wuttaweb/forms/widgets.py b/src/wuttaweb/forms/widgets.py
index 0af8bab..a6f33d2 100644
--- a/src/wuttaweb/forms/widgets.py
+++ b/src/wuttaweb/forms/widgets.py
@@ -136,26 +136,21 @@ class WuttaCheckboxChoiceWidget(CheckboxChoiceWidget):
     Custom widget for :class:`python:set` fields.
 
     This is a subclass of
-    :class:`deform:deform.widget.CheckboxChoiceWidget`, but adds
-    Wutta-related params to the constructor.
+    :class:`deform:deform.widget.CheckboxChoiceWidget`.
 
     :param request: Current :term:`request` object.
 
-    :param session: Optional :term:`db session` to use instead of
-       :class:`wuttaweb.db.sess.Session`.
-
     It uses these Deform templates:
 
     * ``checkbox_choice``
     * ``readonly/checkbox_choice``
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, request, session=None, *args, **kwargs):
+    def __init__(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
         super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
         self.request = request
         self.config = self.request.wutta_config
         self.app = self.config.get_app()
-        self.session = session or Session()
 
 
 class WuttaDateTimeWidget(DateTimeInputWidget):
@@ -231,6 +226,42 @@ class WuttaMoneyInputWidget(MoneyInputWidget):
         return super().serialize(field, cstruct, **kw)
 
 
+class WuttaQuantityWidget(TextInputWidget):
+    """
+    Custom widget for "quantity" fields.  This is used by default for
+    :class:`~wuttaweb.forms.schema.WuttaQuantity` type nodes.
+
+    The main purpose of this widget is to leverage
+    :meth:`~wuttjamaican:wuttjamaican.app.AppHandler.render_quantity()`
+    for the readonly display.
+
+    This is a subclass of
+    :class:`deform:deform.widget.TextInputWidget` and uses these
+    Deform templates:
+
+    * ``textinput``
+
+    :param request: Current :term:`request` object.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.request = request
+        self.config = self.request.wutta_config
+        self.app = self.config.get_app()
+
+    def serialize(self, field, cstruct, **kw):
+        """ """
+        readonly = kw.get('readonly', self.readonly)
+        if readonly:
+            if cstruct in (colander.null, None):
+                return HTML.tag('span')
+            cstruct = decimal.Decimal(cstruct)
+            return HTML.tag('span', c=[self.app.render_quantity(cstruct)])
+
+        return super().serialize(field, cstruct, **kw)
+
+
 class FileDownloadWidget(Widget):
     """
     Widget for use with :class:`~wuttaweb.forms.schema.FileDownload`
diff --git a/src/wuttaweb/grids/base.py b/src/wuttaweb/grids/base.py
index b9f0de7..3a3d4f5 100644
--- a/src/wuttaweb/grids/base.py
+++ b/src/wuttaweb/grids/base.py
@@ -116,7 +116,8 @@ class Grid:
 
        Dict of column (cell) value renderer overrides.
 
-       See also :meth:`set_renderer()`.
+       See also :meth:`set_renderer()` and
+       :meth:`set_default_renderers()`.
 
     .. attribute:: row_class
 
@@ -388,7 +389,6 @@ class Grid:
         self.key = key
         self.data = data
         self.labels = labels or {}
-        self.renderers = renderers or {}
         self.row_class = row_class
         self.actions = actions or []
         self.linked_columns = linked_columns or []
@@ -398,6 +398,10 @@ class Grid:
         self.app = self.config.get_app()
 
         self.set_columns(columns or self.get_columns())
+        self.renderers = {}
+        if renderers:
+            for key, val in renderers.items():
+                self.set_renderer(key, val)
         self.set_default_renderers()
         self.set_tools(tools)
 
@@ -592,8 +596,29 @@ class Grid:
            grid = Grid(request, columns=['foo', 'bar'])
            grid.set_renderer('foo', render_foo)
 
+        For convenience, in lieu of a renderer callable, you may
+        specify one of the following strings, which will be
+        interpreted as a built-in renderer callable, as shown below:
+
+        * ``'batch_id'`` -> :meth:`render_batch_id()`
+        * ``'boolean'`` -> :meth:`render_boolean()`
+        * ``'currency'`` -> :meth:`render_currency()`
+        * ``'datetime'`` -> :meth:`render_datetime()`
+        * ``'quantity'`` -> :meth:`render_quantity()`
+
         Renderer overrides are tracked via :attr:`renderers`.
         """
+        builtins = {
+            'batch_id': self.render_batch_id,
+            'boolean': self.render_boolean,
+            'currency': self.render_currency,
+            'datetime': self.render_datetime,
+            'quantity': self.render_quantity,
+        }
+
+        if renderer in builtins:
+            renderer = builtins[renderer]
+
         if kwargs:
             renderer = functools.partial(renderer, **kwargs)
         self.renderers[key] = renderer
@@ -602,15 +627,18 @@ class Grid:
         """
         Set default column value renderers, where applicable.
 
-        This will add new entries to :attr:`renderers` for columns
-        whose data type implies a default renderer should be used.
-        This is generally only possible if :attr:`model_class` is set
-        to a valid SQLAlchemy mapped class.
+        This is called automatically from the class constructor.  It
+        will add new entries to :attr:`renderers` for columns whose
+        data type implies a default renderer.  This is only possible
+        if :attr:`model_class` is set to a SQLAlchemy mapped class.
 
-        This (for now?) only looks for
-        :class:`sqlalchemy:sqlalchemy.types.DateTime` columns and if
-        any are found, they are configured to use
-        :meth:`render_datetime()`.
+        This only looks for a couple of data types, and configures as
+        follows:
+
+        * :class:`sqlalchemy:sqlalchemy.types.Boolean` ->
+          :meth:`render_boolean()`
+        * :class:`sqlalchemy:sqlalchemy.types.DateTime` ->
+          :meth:`render_datetime()`
         """
         if not self.model_class:
             return
@@ -626,6 +654,8 @@ class Grid:
                     column = prop.columns[0]
                     if isinstance(column.type, sa.DateTime):
                         self.set_renderer(key, self.render_datetime)
+                    elif isinstance(column.type, sa.Boolean):
+                        self.set_renderer(key, self.render_boolean)
 
     def set_link(self, key, link=True):
         """
@@ -1753,23 +1783,80 @@ class Grid:
     # rendering methods
     ##############################
 
+    def render_batch_id(self, obj, key, value):
+        """
+        Column renderer for batch ID values.
+
+        This is not used automatically but you can use it explicitly::
+
+            grid.set_renderer('foo', 'batch_id')
+        """
+        if value is None:
+            return ""
+
+        batch_id = int(value)
+        return f'{batch_id:08d}'
+
+    def render_boolean(self, obj, key, value):
+        """
+        Column renderer for boolean values.
+
+        This calls
+        :meth:`~wuttjamaican:wuttjamaican.app.AppHandler.render_boolean()`
+        for the return value.
+
+        This may be used automatically per
+        :meth:`set_default_renderers()` or you can use it explicitly::
+
+            grid.set_renderer('foo', grid.render_boolean)
+        """
+        return self.app.render_boolean(value)
+
+    def render_currency(self, obj, key, value, **kwargs):
+        """
+        Column renderer for currency values.
+
+        This calls
+        :meth:`~wuttjamaican:wuttjamaican.app.AppHandler.render_currency()`
+        for the return value.
+
+        This is not used automatically but you can use it explicitly::
+
+            grid.set_renderer('foo', 'currency')
+            grid.set_renderer('foo', 'currency', scale=4)
+        """
+        return self.app.render_currency(value, **kwargs)
+
     def render_datetime(self, obj, key, value):
         """
-        Default cell value renderer for
-        :class:`sqlalchemy:sqlalchemy.types.DateTime` columns, which
-        calls
+        Column renderer for :class:`python:datetime.datetime` values.
+
+        This calls
         :meth:`~wuttjamaican:wuttjamaican.app.AppHandler.render_datetime()`
         for the return value.
 
         This may be used automatically per
-        :meth:`set_default_renderers()` or you can use it explicitly
-        for any :class:`python:datetime.datetime` column with::
+        :meth:`set_default_renderers()` or you can use it explicitly::
 
             grid.set_renderer('foo', grid.render_datetime)
         """
         dt = getattr(obj, key)
         return self.app.render_datetime(dt)
 
+    def render_quantity(self, obj, key, value):
+        """
+        Column renderer for quantity values.
+
+        This calls
+        :meth:`~wuttjamaican:wuttjamaican.app.AppHandler.render_quantity()`
+        for the return value.
+
+        This is not used automatically but you can use it explicitly::
+
+            grid.set_renderer('foo', grid.render_quantity)
+        """
+        return self.app.render_quantity(value)
+
     def render_table_element(
             self,
             form=None,
diff --git a/src/wuttaweb/templates/batch/view.mako b/src/wuttaweb/templates/batch/view.mako
index f03ab5b..1305079 100644
--- a/src/wuttaweb/templates/batch/view.mako
+++ b/src/wuttaweb/templates/batch/view.mako
@@ -1,19 +1,6 @@
 ## -*- coding: utf-8; -*-
 <%inherit file="/master/view.mako" />
 
-<%def name="extra_styles()">
-  ${parent.extra_styles()}
-  <style>
-
-    ## TODO: should we do something like this site-wide?
-    ## (so far this is the only place we use markdown)
-    .markdown p {
-        margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
-    }
-
-  </style>
-</%def>
-
 <%def name="tool_panels()">
   ${parent.tool_panels()}
   ${self.tool_panel_execution()}
@@ -65,7 +52,7 @@
                     <p class="block has-text-weight-bold">
                       What will happen when this batch is executed?
                     </p>
-                    <div class="markdown">
+                    <div class="content">
                       ${execution_described|n}
                     </div>
                     ${h.form(master.get_action_url('execute', batch), ref='executeForm')}
diff --git a/src/wuttaweb/templates/master/view.mako b/src/wuttaweb/templates/master/view.mako
index b4db013..7d189ef 100644
--- a/src/wuttaweb/templates/master/view.mako
+++ b/src/wuttaweb/templates/master/view.mako
@@ -33,6 +33,21 @@
   % endif
 </%def>
 
+<%def name="tool_panels()">
+  ${parent.tool_panels()}
+  ${self.tool_panel_xref()}
+</%def>
+
+<%def name="tool_panel_xref()">
+  % if xref_buttons:
+      <wutta-tool-panel heading="Cross-Reference">
+        % for button in xref_buttons:
+            ${button}
+        % endfor
+      </wutta-tool-panel>
+  % endif
+</%def>
+
 <%def name="render_vue_templates()">
   ${parent.render_vue_templates()}
   % if master.has_rows:
diff --git a/src/wuttaweb/testing.py b/src/wuttaweb/testing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a1916b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/wuttaweb/testing.py
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8; -*-
+################################################################################
+#
+#  wuttaweb -- Web App for Wutta Framework
+#  Copyright © 2024 Lance Edgar
+#
+#  This file is part of Wutta Framework.
+#
+#  Wutta Framework is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
+#  under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free
+#  Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or (at your option) any
+#  later version.
+#
+#  Wutta Framework is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+#  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+#  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License for
+#  more details.
+#
+#  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
+#  Wutta Framework.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+#
+################################################################################
+"""
+WuttaWeb - test utilities
+"""
+
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+
+import fanstatic
+from pyramid import testing
+
+from wuttjamaican.testing import DataTestCase
+
+from wuttaweb import subscribers
+
+
+class WebTestCase(DataTestCase):
+    """
+    Base class for test suites requiring a full (typical) web app.
+    """
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.setup_web()
+
+    def setup_web(self):
+        self.setup_db()
+        self.request = self.make_request()
+        self.pyramid_config = testing.setUp(request=self.request, settings={
+            'wutta_config': self.config,
+            'mako.directories': ['wuttaweb:templates'],
+            'pyramid_deform.template_search_path': 'wuttaweb:templates/deform',
+        })
+
+        # init web
+        self.pyramid_config.include('pyramid_deform')
+        self.pyramid_config.include('pyramid_mako')
+        self.pyramid_config.add_directive('add_wutta_permission_group',
+                                          'wuttaweb.auth.add_permission_group')
+        self.pyramid_config.add_directive('add_wutta_permission',
+                                          'wuttaweb.auth.add_permission')
+        self.pyramid_config.add_subscriber('wuttaweb.subscribers.before_render',
+                                           'pyramid.events.BeforeRender')
+        self.pyramid_config.include('wuttaweb.static')
+
+        # nb. mock out fanstatic env..good enough for now to avoid errors..
+        needed = fanstatic.init_needed()
+        self.request.environ[fanstatic.NEEDED] = needed
+
+        # setup new request w/ anonymous user
+        event = MagicMock(request=self.request)
+        subscribers.new_request(event)
+        def user_getter(request, **kwargs): pass
+        subscribers.new_request_set_user(event, db_session=self.session,
+                                         user_getter=user_getter)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        self.teardown_web()
+
+    def teardown_web(self):
+        testing.tearDown()
+        self.teardown_db()
+
+    def make_request(self):
+        return testing.DummyRequest()
diff --git a/src/wuttaweb/views/batch.py b/src/wuttaweb/views/batch.py
index be44320..7ce3199 100644
--- a/src/wuttaweb/views/batch.py
+++ b/src/wuttaweb/views/batch.py
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class BatchMasterView(MasterView):
 
     labels = {
         'id': "Batch ID",
-        'status_code': "Batch Status",
+        'status_code': "Status",
     }
 
     sort_defaults = ('id', 'desc')
@@ -62,6 +62,10 @@ class BatchMasterView(MasterView):
     rows_title = "Batch Rows"
     rows_sort_defaults = 'sequence'
 
+    row_labels = {
+        'status_code': "Status",
+    }
+
     def __init__(self, request, context=None):
         super().__init__(request, context=context)
         self.batch_handler = self.get_batch_handler()
@@ -381,6 +385,12 @@ class BatchMasterView(MasterView):
 
         g.set_label('sequence', "Seq.", column_only=True)
 
+        g.set_renderer('status_code', self.render_row_status)
+
+    def render_row_status(self, row, key, value):
+        """ """
+        return row.STATUS.get(value, value)
+
     ##############################
     # configuration
     ##############################
diff --git a/src/wuttaweb/views/master.py b/src/wuttaweb/views/master.py
index 0030859..3701980 100644
--- a/src/wuttaweb/views/master.py
+++ b/src/wuttaweb/views/master.py
@@ -372,6 +372,20 @@ class MasterView(View):
        List of columns for the row grid.
 
        This is optional; see also :meth:`get_row_grid_columns()`.
+
+       This is optional; see also :meth:`get_row_grid_columns()`.
+
+    .. attribute:: rows_viewable
+
+       Boolean indicating whether the row model supports "viewing" -
+       i.e. it should have a "View" action in the row grid.
+
+       (For now) If you enable this, you must also override
+       :meth:`get_row_action_url_view()`.
+
+       .. note::
+          This eventually will cause there to be a ``row_view`` route
+          to be configured as well.
     """
 
     ##############################
@@ -409,6 +423,7 @@ class MasterView(View):
     rows_sort_defaults = None
     rows_paginated = True
     rows_paginate_on_backend = True
+    rows_viewable = False
 
     # current action
     listing = False
@@ -601,6 +616,8 @@ class MasterView(View):
 
             context['rows_grid'] = grid
 
+        context['xref_buttons'] = self.get_xref_buttons(obj)
+
         return self.render_to_response('view', context)
 
     ##############################
@@ -1569,6 +1586,7 @@ class MasterView(View):
             label,
             variant=None,
             primary=False,
+            url=None,
             **kwargs,
     ):
         """
@@ -1595,10 +1613,17 @@ class MasterView(View):
            avoids the Buefy vs. Oruga confusion, and the
            implementation can change in the future.
 
+        :param url: Specify this (instead of ``href``) to make the
+           button act like a link.  This will yield something like:
+           ``<b-button tag="a" href="{url}">``
+
         :param \**kwargs: All remaining kwargs are passed to the
            underlying ``HTML.tag()`` call, so will be rendered as
            attributes on the button tag.
 
+           **NB.** You cannot specify a ``tag`` kwarg, for technical
+           reasons.
+
         :returns: HTML literal for the button element.  Will be something
            along the lines of:
 
@@ -1620,7 +1645,45 @@ class MasterView(View):
             elif primary:
                 btn_kw['type'] = 'is-primary'
 
-        return HTML.tag('b-button', **btn_kw)
+        if url:
+            btn_kw['href'] = url
+
+        button = HTML.tag('b-button', **btn_kw)
+
+        if url:
+            # nb. unfortunately HTML.tag() calls its first arg 'tag'
+            # and so we can't pass a kwarg with that name...so instead
+            # we patch that into place manually
+            button = str(button)
+            button = button.replace('<b-button ',
+                                    '<b-button tag="a" ')
+            button = HTML.literal(button)
+
+        return button
+
+    def get_xref_buttons(self, obj):
+        """
+        Should return a list of "cross-reference" buttons to be shown
+        when viewing the given object.
+
+        Default logic always returns empty list; subclass can override
+        as needed.
+
+        If applicable, this method should do its own permission checks
+        and only include the buttons current user should be allowed to
+        see/use.
+
+        See also :meth:`make_button()` - example::
+
+           def get_xref_buttons(self, product):
+               buttons = []
+               if self.request.has_perm('external_products.view'):
+                   url = self.request.route_url('external_products.view',
+                                                id=product.external_id)
+                   buttons.append(self.make_button("View External", url=url))
+               return buttons
+        """
+        return []
 
     def make_progress(self, key, **kwargs):
         """
@@ -2366,6 +2429,16 @@ class MasterView(View):
         kwargs.setdefault('paginated', self.rows_paginated)
         kwargs.setdefault('paginate_on_backend', self.rows_paginate_on_backend)
 
+        if 'actions' not in kwargs:
+            actions = []
+
+            if self.rows_viewable:
+                actions.append(self.make_grid_action('view', icon='eye',
+                                                     url=self.get_row_action_url_view))
+
+            if actions:
+                kwargs['actions'] = actions
+
         grid = self.make_grid(**kwargs)
         self.configure_row_grid(grid)
         grid.load_settings()
@@ -2484,6 +2557,16 @@ class MasterView(View):
                 labels.update(cls.row_labels)
         return labels
 
+    def get_row_action_url_view(self, row, i):
+        """
+        Must return the "view" action url for the given row object.
+
+        Only relevant if :attr:`rows_viewable` is true.
+
+        There is no default logic; subclass must override if needed.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
     ##############################
     # class methods
     ##############################
diff --git a/tests/db/test_continuum.py b/tests/db/test_continuum.py
index dbaa411..0503fd1 100644
--- a/tests/db/test_continuum.py
+++ b/tests/db/test_continuum.py
@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
 
 import pytest
 
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
-
 from wuttaweb.db import continuum as mod
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestWuttaWebContinuumPlugin(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/forms/test_schema.py b/tests/forms/test_schema.py
index 564e8c2..80a40e2 100644
--- a/tests/forms/test_schema.py
+++ b/tests/forms/test_schema.py
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ from sqlalchemy import orm
 from wuttjamaican.conf import WuttaConfig
 from wuttaweb.forms import schema as mod
 from wuttaweb.forms import widgets
-from tests.util import DataTestCase, WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import DataTestCase, WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestWutaDateTime(TestCase):
@@ -89,6 +89,15 @@ class TestWuttaMoney(WebTestCase):
         self.assertIsInstance(widget, widgets.WuttaMoneyInputWidget)
 
 
+class TestWuttaQuantity(WebTestCase):
+
+    def test_widget_maker(self):
+        enum = self.app.enum
+        typ = mod.WuttaQuantity(self.request)
+        widget = typ.widget_maker()
+        self.assertIsInstance(widget, widgets.WuttaQuantityWidget)
+
+
 class TestObjectRef(DataTestCase):
 
     def setUp(self):
@@ -155,9 +164,10 @@ class TestObjectRef(DataTestCase):
         self.session.commit()
         self.assertIsNotNone(person.uuid)
         with patch.object(mod.ObjectRef, 'model_class', new=model.Person):
-            typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-            value = typ.deserialize(node, person.uuid)
-            self.assertIs(value, person)
+            with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+                typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request)
+                value = typ.deserialize(node, person.uuid)
+                self.assertIs(value, person)
 
     def test_dictify(self):
         model = self.app.model
@@ -181,42 +191,46 @@ class TestObjectRef(DataTestCase):
         value = typ.objectify(None)
         self.assertIsNone(value)
 
-        # model instance
-        person = model.Person(full_name="Betty Boop")
-        self.session.add(person)
-        self.session.commit()
-        self.assertIsNotNone(person.uuid)
-        with patch.object(mod.ObjectRef, 'model_class', new=model.Person):
+        with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
 
-            # can specify as uuid
-            typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-            value = typ.objectify(person.uuid)
-            self.assertIs(value, person)
+            # model instance
+            person = model.Person(full_name="Betty Boop")
+            self.session.add(person)
+            self.session.commit()
+            self.assertIsNotNone(person.uuid)
+            with patch.object(mod.ObjectRef, 'model_class', new=model.Person):
 
-            # or can specify object proper
-            typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-            value = typ.objectify(person)
-            self.assertIs(value, person)
+                # can specify as uuid
+                typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request)
+                value = typ.objectify(person.uuid)
+                self.assertIs(value, person)
 
-        # error if not found
-        with patch.object(mod.ObjectRef, 'model_class', new=model.Person):
-            typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-            self.assertRaises(ValueError, typ.objectify, 'WRONG-UUID')
+                # or can specify object proper
+                typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request)
+                value = typ.objectify(person)
+                self.assertIs(value, person)
+
+            # error if not found
+            with patch.object(mod.ObjectRef, 'model_class', new=model.Person):
+                typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request)
+                self.assertRaises(ValueError, typ.objectify, 'WRONG-UUID')
 
     def test_get_query(self):
         model = self.app.model
         with patch.object(mod.ObjectRef, 'model_class', new=model.Person):
-            typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-            query = typ.get_query()
-            self.assertIsInstance(query, orm.Query)
+            with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+                typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request)
+                query = typ.get_query()
+                self.assertIsInstance(query, orm.Query)
 
     def test_sort_query(self):
         model = self.app.model
         with patch.object(mod.ObjectRef, 'model_class', new=model.Person):
-            typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-            query = typ.get_query()
-            sorted_query = typ.sort_query(query)
-            self.assertIs(sorted_query, query)
+            with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+                typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request)
+                query = typ.get_query()
+                sorted_query = typ.sort_query(query)
+                self.assertIs(sorted_query, query)
 
     def test_widget_maker(self):
         model = self.app.model
@@ -226,90 +240,98 @@ class TestObjectRef(DataTestCase):
 
         # basic
         with patch.object(mod.ObjectRef, 'model_class', new=model.Person):
-            typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-            widget = typ.widget_maker()
-            self.assertEqual(len(widget.values), 1)
-            self.assertEqual(widget.values[0][1], "Betty Boop")
+            with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+                typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request)
+                widget = typ.widget_maker()
+                self.assertEqual(len(widget.values), 1)
+                self.assertEqual(widget.values[0][1], "Betty Boop")
 
         # empty option
         with patch.object(mod.ObjectRef, 'model_class', new=model.Person):
-            typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request, session=self.session, empty_option=True)
-            widget = typ.widget_maker()
-            self.assertEqual(len(widget.values), 2)
-            self.assertEqual(widget.values[0][1], "(none)")
-            self.assertEqual(widget.values[1][1], "Betty Boop")
+            with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+                typ = mod.ObjectRef(self.request, empty_option=True)
+                widget = typ.widget_maker()
+                self.assertEqual(len(widget.values), 2)
+                self.assertEqual(widget.values[0][1], "(none)")
+                self.assertEqual(widget.values[1][1], "Betty Boop")
 
 
 class TestPersonRef(WebTestCase):
 
     def test_sort_query(self):
-        typ = mod.PersonRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-        query = typ.get_query()
-        self.assertIsInstance(query, orm.Query)
-        sorted_query = typ.sort_query(query)
-        self.assertIsInstance(sorted_query, orm.Query)
-        self.assertIsNot(sorted_query, query)
+        with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+            typ = mod.PersonRef(self.request)
+            query = typ.get_query()
+            self.assertIsInstance(query, orm.Query)
+            sorted_query = typ.sort_query(query)
+            self.assertIsInstance(sorted_query, orm.Query)
+            self.assertIsNot(sorted_query, query)
 
     def test_get_object_url(self):
         self.pyramid_config.add_route('people.view', '/people/{uuid}')
         model = self.app.model
-        typ = mod.PersonRef(self.request, session=self.session)
+        with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+            typ = mod.PersonRef(self.request)
 
-        person = model.Person(full_name="Barney Rubble")
-        self.session.add(person)
-        self.session.commit()
+            person = model.Person(full_name="Barney Rubble")
+            self.session.add(person)
+            self.session.commit()
 
-        url = typ.get_object_url(person)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(url)
-        self.assertIn(f'/people/{person.uuid}', url)
+            url = typ.get_object_url(person)
+            self.assertIsNotNone(url)
+            self.assertIn(f'/people/{person.uuid}', url)
 
 
 class TestRoleRef(WebTestCase):
 
     def test_sort_query(self):
-        typ = mod.RoleRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-        query = typ.get_query()
-        self.assertIsInstance(query, orm.Query)
-        sorted_query = typ.sort_query(query)
-        self.assertIsInstance(sorted_query, orm.Query)
-        self.assertIsNot(sorted_query, query)
+        with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+            typ = mod.RoleRef(self.request)
+            query = typ.get_query()
+            self.assertIsInstance(query, orm.Query)
+            sorted_query = typ.sort_query(query)
+            self.assertIsInstance(sorted_query, orm.Query)
+            self.assertIsNot(sorted_query, query)
 
     def test_get_object_url(self):
         self.pyramid_config.add_route('roles.view', '/roles/{uuid}')
         model = self.app.model
-        typ = mod.RoleRef(self.request, session=self.session)
+        with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+            typ = mod.RoleRef(self.request)
 
-        role = model.Role(name='Manager')
-        self.session.add(role)
-        self.session.commit()
+            role = model.Role(name='Manager')
+            self.session.add(role)
+            self.session.commit()
 
-        url = typ.get_object_url(role)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(url)
-        self.assertIn(f'/roles/{role.uuid}', url)
+            url = typ.get_object_url(role)
+            self.assertIsNotNone(url)
+            self.assertIn(f'/roles/{role.uuid}', url)
 
 
 class TestUserRef(WebTestCase):
 
     def test_sort_query(self):
-        typ = mod.UserRef(self.request, session=self.session)
-        query = typ.get_query()
-        self.assertIsInstance(query, orm.Query)
-        sorted_query = typ.sort_query(query)
-        self.assertIsInstance(sorted_query, orm.Query)
-        self.assertIsNot(sorted_query, query)
+        with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+            typ = mod.UserRef(self.request)
+            query = typ.get_query()
+            self.assertIsInstance(query, orm.Query)
+            sorted_query = typ.sort_query(query)
+            self.assertIsInstance(sorted_query, orm.Query)
+            self.assertIsNot(sorted_query, query)
 
     def test_get_object_url(self):
         self.pyramid_config.add_route('users.view', '/users/{uuid}')
         model = self.app.model
-        typ = mod.UserRef(self.request, session=self.session)
+        with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+            typ = mod.UserRef(self.request)
 
-        user = model.User(username='barney')
-        self.session.add(user)
-        self.session.commit()
+            user = model.User(username='barney')
+            self.session.add(user)
+            self.session.commit()
 
-        url = typ.get_object_url(user)
-        self.assertIsNotNone(url)
-        self.assertIn(f'/users/{user.uuid}', url)
+            url = typ.get_object_url(user)
+            self.assertIsNotNone(url)
+            self.assertIn(f'/users/{user.uuid}', url)
 
 
 class TestUserRefs(DataTestCase):
@@ -320,9 +342,10 @@ class TestUserRefs(DataTestCase):
 
     def test_widget_maker(self):
         model = self.app.model
-        typ = mod.UserRefs(self.request, session=self.session)
-        widget = typ.widget_maker()
-        self.assertIsInstance(widget, widgets.UserRefsWidget)
+        with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+            typ = mod.UserRefs(self.request)
+            widget = typ.widget_maker()
+            self.assertIsInstance(widget, widgets.UserRefsWidget)
 
 
 class TestRoleRefs(DataTestCase):
@@ -341,20 +364,22 @@ class TestRoleRefs(DataTestCase):
         self.session.add(blokes)
         self.session.commit()
 
-        # with root access, default values include: admin, blokes
-        self.request.is_root = True
-        typ = mod.RoleRefs(self.request, session=self.session)
-        widget = typ.widget_maker()
-        self.assertEqual(len(widget.values), 2)
-        self.assertEqual(widget.values[0][1], "Administrator")
-        self.assertEqual(widget.values[1][1], "Blokes")
+        with patch.object(mod, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
 
-        # without root, default values include: blokes
-        self.request.is_root = False
-        typ = mod.RoleRefs(self.request, session=self.session)
-        widget = typ.widget_maker()
-        self.assertEqual(len(widget.values), 1)
-        self.assertEqual(widget.values[0][1], "Blokes")
+            # with root access, default values include: admin, blokes
+            self.request.is_root = True
+            typ = mod.RoleRefs(self.request)
+            widget = typ.widget_maker()
+            self.assertEqual(len(widget.values), 2)
+            self.assertEqual(widget.values[0][1], "Administrator")
+            self.assertEqual(widget.values[1][1], "Blokes")
+
+            # without root, default values include: blokes
+            self.request.is_root = False
+            typ = mod.RoleRefs(self.request)
+            widget = typ.widget_maker()
+            self.assertEqual(len(widget.values), 1)
+            self.assertEqual(widget.values[0][1], "Blokes")
 
 
 class TestPermissions(DataTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/forms/test_widgets.py b/tests/forms/test_widgets.py
index f98210c..47aed58 100644
--- a/tests/forms/test_widgets.py
+++ b/tests/forms/test_widgets.py
@@ -10,9 +10,10 @@ from pyramid import testing
 
 from wuttaweb import grids
 from wuttaweb.forms import widgets as mod
+from wuttaweb.forms import schema
 from wuttaweb.forms.schema import (FileDownload, PersonRef, RoleRefs, UserRefs, Permissions,
                                    WuttaDateTime, EmailRecipients)
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestObjectRefWidget(WebTestCase):
@@ -32,31 +33,33 @@ class TestObjectRefWidget(WebTestCase):
         self.session.add(person)
         self.session.commit()
 
-        # standard (editable)
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request, session=self.session))
-        widget = self.make_widget()
-        field = self.make_field(node)
-        html = widget.serialize(field, person.uuid)
-        self.assertIn('<b-select ', html)
+        with patch.object(schema, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
 
-        # readonly
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request, session=self.session))
-        node.model_instance = person
-        widget = self.make_widget()
-        field = self.make_field(node)
-        html = widget.serialize(field, person.uuid, readonly=True)
-        self.assertIn('Betty Boop', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('<a', html)
+            # standard (editable)
+            node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request))
+            widget = self.make_widget()
+            field = self.make_field(node)
+            html = widget.serialize(field, person.uuid)
+            self.assertIn('<b-select ', html)
 
-        # with hyperlink
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request, session=self.session))
-        node.model_instance = person
-        widget = self.make_widget(url=lambda p: '/foo')
-        field = self.make_field(node)
-        html = widget.serialize(field, person.uuid, readonly=True)
-        self.assertIn('Betty Boop', html)
-        self.assertIn('<a', html)
-        self.assertIn('href="/foo"', html)
+            # readonly
+            node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request))
+            node.model_instance = person
+            widget = self.make_widget()
+            field = self.make_field(node)
+            html = widget.serialize(field, person.uuid, readonly=True)
+            self.assertIn('Betty Boop', html)
+            self.assertNotIn('<a', html)
+
+            # with hyperlink
+            node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request))
+            node.model_instance = person
+            widget = self.make_widget(url=lambda p: '/foo')
+            field = self.make_field(node)
+            html = widget.serialize(field, person.uuid, readonly=True)
+            self.assertIn('Betty Boop', html)
+            self.assertIn('<a', html)
+            self.assertIn('href="/foo"', html)
 
     def test_get_template_values(self):
         model = self.app.model
@@ -64,22 +67,24 @@ class TestObjectRefWidget(WebTestCase):
         self.session.add(person)
         self.session.commit()
 
-        # standard
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request, session=self.session))
-        widget = self.make_widget()
-        field = self.make_field(node)
-        values = widget.get_template_values(field, person.uuid, {})
-        self.assertIn('cstruct', values)
-        self.assertNotIn('url', values)
+        with patch.object(schema, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
 
-        # readonly w/ empty option
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request, session=self.session,
-                                             empty_option=('_empty_', '(empty)')))
-        widget = self.make_widget(readonly=True, url=lambda obj: '/foo')
-        field = self.make_field(node)
-        values = widget.get_template_values(field, '_empty_', {})
-        self.assertIn('cstruct', values)
-        self.assertNotIn('url', values)
+            # standard
+            node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request))
+            widget = self.make_widget()
+            field = self.make_field(node)
+            values = widget.get_template_values(field, person.uuid, {})
+            self.assertIn('cstruct', values)
+            self.assertNotIn('url', values)
+
+            # readonly w/ empty option
+            node = colander.SchemaNode(PersonRef(self.request,
+                                                 empty_option=('_empty_', '(empty)')))
+            widget = self.make_widget(readonly=True, url=lambda obj: '/foo')
+            field = self.make_field(node)
+            values = widget.get_template_values(field, '_empty_', {})
+            self.assertIn('cstruct', values)
+            self.assertNotIn('url', values)
 
 
 class TestWuttaDateTimeWidget(WebTestCase):
@@ -120,7 +125,7 @@ class TestWuttaMoneyInputWidget(WebTestCase):
         return mod.WuttaMoneyInputWidget(self.request, **kwargs)
 
     def test_serialize(self):
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(WuttaDateTime())
+        node = colander.SchemaNode(schema.WuttaMoney(self.request))
         field = self.make_field(node)
         widget = self.make_widget()
         amount = decimal.Decimal('12.34')
@@ -138,6 +143,36 @@ class TestWuttaMoneyInputWidget(WebTestCase):
         self.assertEqual(result, '<span></span>')
 
 
+class TestWuttaQuantityWidget(WebTestCase):
+
+    def make_field(self, node, **kwargs):
+        # TODO: not sure why default renderer is in use even though
+        # pyramid_deform was included in setup?  but this works..
+        kwargs.setdefault('renderer', deform.Form.default_renderer)
+        return deform.Field(node, **kwargs)
+
+    def make_widget(self, **kwargs):
+        return mod.WuttaQuantityWidget(self.request, **kwargs)
+
+    def test_serialize(self):
+        node = colander.SchemaNode(schema.WuttaQuantity(self.request))
+        field = self.make_field(node)
+        widget = self.make_widget()
+        amount = decimal.Decimal('42.00')
+
+        # editable widget has normal text input
+        result = widget.serialize(field, str(amount))
+        self.assertIn('<b-input', result)
+
+        # readonly is rendered per app convention
+        result = widget.serialize(field, str(amount), readonly=True)
+        self.assertEqual(result, '<span>42</span>')
+
+        # readonly w/ null value
+        result = widget.serialize(field, None, readonly=True)
+        self.assertEqual(result, '<span></span>')
+
+
 class TestFileDownloadWidget(WebTestCase):
 
     def make_field(self, node, **kwargs):
@@ -230,28 +265,29 @@ class TestRoleRefsWidget(WebTestCase):
         self.session.commit()
 
         # nb. we let the field construct the widget via our type
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(RoleRefs(self.request, session=self.session))
-        field = self.make_field(node)
-        widget = field.widget
+        with patch.object(schema, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+            node = colander.SchemaNode(RoleRefs(self.request))
+            field = self.make_field(node)
+            widget = field.widget
 
-        # readonly values list includes admin
-        html = widget.serialize(field, {admin.uuid, blokes.uuid}, readonly=True)
-        self.assertIn(admin.name, html)
-        self.assertIn(blokes.name, html)
+            # readonly values list includes admin
+            html = widget.serialize(field, {admin.uuid, blokes.uuid}, readonly=True)
+            self.assertIn(admin.name, html)
+            self.assertIn(blokes.name, html)
 
-        # editable values list *excludes* admin (by default)
-        html = widget.serialize(field, {admin.uuid, blokes.uuid})
-        self.assertNotIn(str(admin.uuid.hex), html)
-        self.assertIn(str(blokes.uuid.hex), html)
+            # editable values list *excludes* admin (by default)
+            html = widget.serialize(field, {admin.uuid, blokes.uuid})
+            self.assertNotIn(str(admin.uuid.hex), html)
+            self.assertIn(str(blokes.uuid.hex), html)
 
-        # but admin is included for root user
-        self.request.is_root = True
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(RoleRefs(self.request, session=self.session))
-        field = self.make_field(node)
-        widget = field.widget
-        html = widget.serialize(field, {admin.uuid, blokes.uuid})
-        self.assertIn(str(admin.uuid.hex), html)
-        self.assertIn(str(blokes.uuid.hex), html)
+            # but admin is included for root user
+            self.request.is_root = True
+            node = colander.SchemaNode(RoleRefs(self.request))
+            field = self.make_field(node)
+            widget = field.widget
+            html = widget.serialize(field, {admin.uuid, blokes.uuid})
+            self.assertIn(str(admin.uuid.hex), html)
+            self.assertIn(str(blokes.uuid.hex), html)
 
 
 class TestUserRefsWidget(WebTestCase):
@@ -266,35 +302,37 @@ class TestUserRefsWidget(WebTestCase):
         model = self.app.model
 
         # nb. we let the field construct the widget via our type
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(UserRefs(self.request, session=self.session))
-        field = self.make_field(node)
-        widget = field.widget
+        # node = colander.SchemaNode(UserRefs(self.request, session=self.session))
+        with patch.object(schema, 'Session', return_value=self.session):
+            node = colander.SchemaNode(UserRefs(self.request))
+            field = self.make_field(node)
+            widget = field.widget
 
-        # readonly is required
-        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, widget.serialize, field, set())
-        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, widget.serialize, field, set(), readonly=False)
+            # readonly is required
+            self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, widget.serialize, field, set())
+            self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, widget.serialize, field, set(), readonly=False)
 
-        # empty
-        html = widget.serialize(field, set(), readonly=True)
-        self.assertEqual(html, '<span></span>')
+            # empty
+            html = widget.serialize(field, set(), readonly=True)
+            self.assertEqual(html, '<span></span>')
 
-        # with data, no actions
-        user = model.User(username='barney')
-        self.session.add(user)
-        self.session.commit()
-        html = widget.serialize(field, {user.uuid}, readonly=True)
-        self.assertIn('<b-table ', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('Actions', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('View', html)
-        self.assertNotIn('Edit', html)
-
-        # with view/edit actions
-        with patch.object(self.request, 'is_root', new=True):
+            # with data, no actions
+            user = model.User(username='barney')
+            self.session.add(user)
+            self.session.commit()
             html = widget.serialize(field, {user.uuid}, readonly=True)
-        self.assertIn('<b-table ', html)
-        self.assertIn('Actions', html)
-        self.assertIn('View', html)
-        self.assertIn('Edit', html)
+            self.assertIn('<b-table ', html)
+            self.assertNotIn('Actions', html)
+            self.assertNotIn('View', html)
+            self.assertNotIn('Edit', html)
+
+            # with view/edit actions
+            with patch.object(self.request, 'is_root', new=True):
+                html = widget.serialize(field, {user.uuid}, readonly=True)
+            self.assertIn('<b-table ', html)
+            self.assertIn('Actions', html)
+            self.assertIn('View', html)
+            self.assertIn('Edit', html)
 
 
 class TestPermissionsWidget(WebTestCase):
@@ -318,7 +356,7 @@ class TestPermissionsWidget(WebTestCase):
         }
 
         # nb. we let the field construct the widget via our type
-        node = colander.SchemaNode(Permissions(self.request, permissions, session=self.session))
+        node = colander.SchemaNode(Permissions(self.request, permissions))
         field = self.make_field(node)
         widget = field.widget
 
diff --git a/tests/grids/test_base.py b/tests/grids/test_base.py
index f03aad2..0cccbeb 100644
--- a/tests/grids/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/grids/test_base.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8; -*-
 
 import datetime
+import decimal
 from unittest import TestCase
 from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
 
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ from wuttaweb.grids import base as mod
 from wuttaweb.grids.filters import GridFilter, StringAlchemyFilter, default_sqlalchemy_filters
 from wuttaweb.util import FieldList
 from wuttaweb.forms import Form
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestGrid(WebTestCase):
@@ -207,6 +208,11 @@ class TestGrid(WebTestCase):
         self.assertIsNot(grid.renderers['foo'], render2)
         self.assertEqual(grid.renderers['foo'](None, None, None), 42)
 
+        # can use built-in string shortcut
+        grid.set_renderer('foo', 'quantity')
+        obj = MagicMock(foo=42.00)
+        self.assertEqual(grid.renderers['foo'](obj, 'foo', 42.00), '42')
+
     def test_set_default_renderer(self):
         model = self.app.model
 
@@ -232,6 +238,17 @@ class TestGrid(WebTestCase):
         self.assertIn('created', grid.renderers)
         self.assertIs(grid.renderers['created'], myrender)
 
+        # renderer set for boolean mapped field
+        grid = self.make_grid(model_class=model.Upgrade)
+        self.assertIn('executing', grid.renderers)
+        self.assertIsNot(grid.renderers['executing'], myrender)
+
+        # renderer *not* set for boolean, if override present
+        grid = self.make_grid(model_class=model.Upgrade,
+                              renderers={'executing': myrender})
+        self.assertIn('executing', grid.renderers)
+        self.assertIs(grid.renderers['executing'], myrender)
+
     def test_linked_columns(self):
         grid = self.make_grid(columns=['foo', 'bar'])
         self.assertEqual(grid.linked_columns, [])
@@ -1331,6 +1348,73 @@ class TestGrid(WebTestCase):
     # rendering methods
     ##############################
 
+    def test_render_batch_id(self):
+        grid = self.make_grid(columns=['foo', 'bar'])
+
+        # null
+        obj = MagicMock(foo=None)
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_batch_id(obj, 'foo', None), "")
+
+        # int
+        obj = MagicMock(foo=42)
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_batch_id(obj, 'foo', 42), "00000042")
+
+    def test_render_boolean(self):
+        grid = self.make_grid(columns=['foo', 'bar'])
+
+        # null
+        obj = MagicMock(foo=None)
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_boolean(obj, 'foo', None), "")
+
+        # true
+        obj = MagicMock(foo=True)
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_boolean(obj, 'foo', True), "Yes")
+
+        # false
+        obj = MagicMock(foo=False)
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_boolean(obj, 'foo', False), "No")
+
+    def test_render_currency(self):
+        grid = self.make_grid(columns=['foo', 'bar'])
+        obj = MagicMock()
+
+        # null
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_currency(obj, 'foo', None), '')
+
+        # basic decimal example
+        value = decimal.Decimal('42.00')
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_currency(obj, 'foo', value), '$42.00')
+
+        # basic float example
+        value = 42.00
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_currency(obj, 'foo', value), '$42.00')
+
+        # decimal places will be rounded
+        value = decimal.Decimal('42.12345')
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_currency(obj, 'foo', value), '$42.12')
+
+        # negative numbers get parens
+        value = decimal.Decimal('-42.42')
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_currency(obj, 'foo', value), '($42.42)')
+
+    def test_render_quantity(self):
+        grid = self.make_grid(columns=['foo', 'bar'])
+        obj = MagicMock()
+
+        # null
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_quantity(obj, 'foo', None), "")
+
+        # integer decimals become integers
+        value = decimal.Decimal('1.000')
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_quantity(obj, 'foo', value), "1")
+
+        # but decimal places are preserved
+        value = decimal.Decimal('1.234')
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_quantity(obj ,'foo', value), "1.234")
+
+        # zero is *not* empty string (with this renderer)
+        self.assertEqual(grid.render_quantity(obj, 'foo', 0), "0")
+
     def test_render_datetime(self):
         grid = self.make_grid(columns=['foo', 'bar'])
 
diff --git a/tests/grids/test_filters.py b/tests/grids/test_filters.py
index c58d1af..bbc6611 100644
--- a/tests/grids/test_filters.py
+++ b/tests/grids/test_filters.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import sqlalchemy as sa
 from wuttjamaican.db.model import Base
 
 from wuttaweb.grids import filters as mod
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestGridFilter(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/test_auth.py b/tests/test_auth.py
index f7705c8..a7dfe16 100644
--- a/tests/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/test_auth.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from pyramid import testing
 
 from wuttjamaican.conf import WuttaConfig
 from wuttaweb import auth as mod
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestLoginUser(TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/test_handler.py b/tests/test_handler.py
index effb413..7c360fe 100644
--- a/tests/test_handler.py
+++ b/tests/test_handler.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from wuttaweb import handler as mod, static
 from wuttaweb.forms import Form
 from wuttaweb.grids import Grid
 from wuttaweb.menus import MenuHandler
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestWebHandler(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/test_menus.py b/tests/test_menus.py
index 84c4ee5..bca7bda 100644
--- a/tests/test_menus.py
+++ b/tests/test_menus.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from unittest import TestCase
 from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
 
 from wuttaweb import menus as mod
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestMenuHandler(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/util.py b/tests/util.py
index e292253..e56d012 100644
--- a/tests/util.py
+++ b/tests/util.py
@@ -1,14 +1,7 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8; -*-
 
-from unittest import TestCase
-from unittest.mock import MagicMock
-
-import fanstatic
-from pyramid import testing
-
 from wuttjamaican.conf import WuttaConfig
 from wuttjamaican.testing import FileConfigTestCase
-from wuttaweb import subscribers
 from wuttaweb.menus import MenuHandler
 
 
@@ -39,56 +32,6 @@ class DataTestCase(FileConfigTestCase):
         self.teardown_files()
 
 
-class WebTestCase(DataTestCase):
-    """
-    Base class for test suites requiring a full (typical) web app.
-    """
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        self.setup_web()
-
-    def setup_web(self):
-        self.setup_db()
-        self.request = self.make_request()
-        self.pyramid_config = testing.setUp(request=self.request, settings={
-            'wutta_config': self.config,
-            'mako.directories': ['wuttaweb:templates'],
-            'pyramid_deform.template_search_path': 'wuttaweb:templates/deform',
-        })
-
-        # init web
-        self.pyramid_config.include('pyramid_deform')
-        self.pyramid_config.include('pyramid_mako')
-        self.pyramid_config.add_directive('add_wutta_permission_group',
-                                          'wuttaweb.auth.add_permission_group')
-        self.pyramid_config.add_directive('add_wutta_permission',
-                                          'wuttaweb.auth.add_permission')
-        self.pyramid_config.add_subscriber('wuttaweb.subscribers.before_render',
-                                           'pyramid.events.BeforeRender')
-        self.pyramid_config.include('wuttaweb.static')
-
-        # nb. mock out fanstatic env..good enough for now to avoid errors..
-        needed = fanstatic.init_needed()
-        self.request.environ[fanstatic.NEEDED] = needed
-
-        # setup new request w/ anonymous user
-        event = MagicMock(request=self.request)
-        subscribers.new_request(event)
-        def user_getter(request, **kwargs): pass
-        subscribers.new_request_set_user(event, db_session=self.session,
-                                         user_getter=user_getter)
-
-    def tearDown(self):
-        self.teardown_web()
-
-    def teardown_web(self):
-        testing.tearDown()
-        self.teardown_db()
-
-    def make_request(self):
-        return testing.DummyRequest()
-
-
 class NullMenuHandler(MenuHandler):
     """
     Dummy menu handler for testing.
diff --git a/tests/views/test___init__.py b/tests/views/test___init__.py
index 6da63f0..1506a69 100644
--- a/tests/views/test___init__.py
+++ b/tests/views/test___init__.py
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8; -*-
 
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestIncludeMe(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_auth.py b/tests/views/test_auth.py
index 5e7607f..c64ed3b 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_auth.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_auth.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPFound, HTTPForbidden
 
 from wuttaweb.views import auth as mod
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestAuthView(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_base.py b/tests/views/test_base.py
index 9601212..4b3c4ab 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_base.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_base.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPFound, HTTPForbidden, HTTPNotFound
 from wuttaweb.views import base as mod
 from wuttaweb.forms import Form
 from wuttaweb.grids import Grid, GridAction
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestView(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_batch.py b/tests/views/test_batch.py
index a3a34fe..26e570a 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_batch.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_batch.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from wuttjamaican.db import model
 from wuttjamaican.batch import BatchHandler
 from wuttaweb.views import MasterView, batch as mod
 from wuttaweb.progress import SessionProgress
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class MockBatch(model.BatchMixin, model.Base):
@@ -367,6 +367,12 @@ class TestBatchMasterView(WebTestCase):
                     self.assertIn('sequence', grid.labels)
                     self.assertEqual(grid.labels['sequence'], "Seq.")
 
+    def test_render_row_status(self):
+        with patch.object(mod.BatchMasterView, 'get_batch_handler', return_value=None):
+            view = self.make_view()
+            row = MagicMock(foo=1, STATUS={1: 'bar'})
+            self.assertEqual(view.render_row_status(row, 'foo', 1), 'bar')
+
     def test_defaults(self):
         # nb. coverage only
         with patch.object(mod.BatchMasterView, 'model_class', new=MockBatch, create=True):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_common.py b/tests/views/test_common.py
index 4d86ba6..f889c00 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_common.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_common.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ from unittest.mock import patch
 import colander
 
 from wuttaweb.views import common as mod
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestCommonView(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_email.py b/tests/views/test_email.py
index a56bf66..7303f06 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_email.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_email.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPNotFound
 from pyramid.response import Response
 
 from wuttaweb.views import email as mod
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestEmailSettingViews(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_essential.py b/tests/views/test_essential.py
index 9c3dc5d..afb29ba 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_essential.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_essential.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # -*- coding: utf-8; -*-
 
 from wuttaweb.views import essential as mod
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestEssentialViews(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_master.py b/tests/views/test_master.py
index 06d8ed1..56c51c2 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_master.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_master.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ from wuttaweb.views import master as mod
 from wuttaweb.views import View
 from wuttaweb.progress import SessionProgress
 from wuttaweb.subscribers import new_request_set_user
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestMasterView(WebTestCase):
@@ -441,6 +441,12 @@ class TestMasterView(WebTestCase):
         self.assertIn('click me', html)
         self.assertIn('is-primary', html)
 
+        # with url
+        html = view.make_button('click me', url='http://example.com')
+        self.assertIn('<b-button tag="a"', html)
+        self.assertIn('click me', html)
+        self.assertIn('href="http://example.com"', html)
+
     def test_make_progress(self):
 
         # basic
@@ -1649,6 +1655,18 @@ class TestMasterView(WebTestCase):
                 self.assertIsNone(grid.model_class)
                 self.assertEqual(grid.data, [])
 
+            # view action
+            with patch.object(view, 'rows_viewable', new=True):
+                with patch.object(view, 'get_row_action_url_view', return_value='#'):
+                    grid = view.make_row_model_grid(person, data=[])
+                    self.assertEqual(len(grid.actions), 1)
+                    self.assertEqual(grid.actions[0].key, 'view')
+
+    def test_get_row_action_url_view(self):
+        view = self.make_view()
+        row = MagicMock()
+        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, view.get_row_action_url_view, row, 0)
+
     def test_get_rows_title(self):
         view = self.make_view()
 
diff --git a/tests/views/test_people.py b/tests/views/test_people.py
index d3341f8..25abf9e 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_people.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_people.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from sqlalchemy import orm
 from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPNotFound
 
 from wuttaweb.views import people
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestPersonView(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_progress.py b/tests/views/test_progress.py
index 06a67f8..00edd69 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_progress.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_progress.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from pyramid import testing
 
 from wuttaweb.views import progress as mod
 from wuttaweb.progress import get_progress_session
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestProgressView(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_roles.py b/tests/views/test_roles.py
index 22a30d2..909739e 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_roles.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_roles.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import colander
 
 from wuttaweb.views import roles as mod
 from wuttaweb.forms.schema import RoleRef
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestRoleView(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_settings.py b/tests/views/test_settings.py
index c0810fa..ffc1fc8 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_settings.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_settings.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import colander
 from pyramid.httpexceptions import HTTPNotFound
 
 from wuttaweb.views import settings as mod
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestAppInfoView(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_upgrades.py b/tests/views/test_upgrades.py
index 1a1d626..e468ce3 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_upgrades.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_upgrades.py
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ from unittest.mock import patch, MagicMock
 from wuttaweb.views import upgrades as mod
 from wuttjamaican.exc import ConfigurationError
 from wuttaweb.progress import get_progress_session
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestUpgradeView(WebTestCase):
diff --git a/tests/views/test_users.py b/tests/views/test_users.py
index ea49d49..1fa08f2 100644
--- a/tests/views/test_users.py
+++ b/tests/views/test_users.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from sqlalchemy import orm
 import colander
 
 from wuttaweb.views import users as mod
-from tests.util import WebTestCase
+from wuttaweb.testing import WebTestCase
 
 
 class TestUserView(WebTestCase):